Glomerulonephritis (GN) refers to a group of kidney diseases that cause inflammation and damage to the glomeruli — the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This damage affects the kidneys’ ability to filter blood properly, potentially leading to proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), high blood pressure, and eventually chronic kidney disease if untreated.
Glomerulonephritis can be primary (originating in the kidneys) or secondary (caused by systemic diseases such as lupus or diabetes). Diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) causes glomerular damage and can lead to CKD, but it is not typically categorized as glomerulonephritis.
GN is less common than CKD or AKI, but it is an important cause of kidney disease, particularly in children and young adults. Certain forms, such as IgA nephropathy, are among the most frequent primary glomerular diseases worldwide.
Treatment outcomes vary depending on the type and severity. Some forms can be managed effectively with medications and supportive care, while others may progress to CKD or kidney failure. Early diagnosis and monitoring are critical to preserving kidney function.
GN can arise from a variety of triggers:
Primary (kidney-limited) GN
Secondary GN (systemic causes)
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Symptoms can be subtle and may include:
Some forms, like IgA nephropathy, may present after an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection.
Diagnosis usually involves:
Blood tests
Urine tests
Imaging
Kidney biopsy
Treatment depends on type, severity, and underlying cause:
Supportive care
Immunosuppressive therapy
Advanced therapy
Seek urgent medical attention if:
Medically reviewed by:
Dr. Siddiqui is the Chief Medical Officer at TeleMed2U responsible for clinical and technical program development as well as maintaining a thriving telemedicine practice in infectious diseases which includes specialized care of Hepatitis and HIV.
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