Large Intestine

About

Large Intestine

What are Large Intestine Diseases?
Large intestine diseases are conditions that affect the colon and rectum — the final sections of the digestive tract responsible for absorbing water, forming stool, and eliminating waste. When the large intestine becomes inflamed, infected, or obstructed, it can interfere with normal bowel function and cause significant discomfort.

Common large intestine diseases include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease (diverticulosis and diverticulitis), colon polyps, and colorectal cancer. These conditions can range from mild digestive disturbances to life-threatening illnesses requiring prompt medical care.

Are Large Intestine Diseases Common?
Yes, disorders of the large intestine are among the most common gastrointestinal problems. IBS affects millions worldwide, while diverticular disease and colon cancer are more common in older adults. Early screening and lifestyle changes play an important role in prevention and effective management.

Can Large Intestine Diseases be cured?
Many large intestine diseases can be managed successfully through dietary changes, medication, and in some cases, surgery. While some conditions like IBS are chronic but controllable, others like infections or inflammation may resolve with proper treatment. Early detection of colon polyps or cancer offers the best chance for cure and improved long-term outcomes.

Causes

What causes Large Intestine Diseases?
The causes vary depending on the specific disorder but may include:

  • Dietary factors – low fiber intake, processed foods, or dehydration
  • Infections – bacterial, viral, or parasitic causes
  • Chronic inflammation – as seen in ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease
  • Genetic predisposition – family history of colorectal disease or cancer
  • Sedentary lifestyle – reduced bowel movement and poor colon motility
  • Aging – increased risk of diverticular disease and colon polyps
  • Autoimmune factors – immune system attacking intestinal lining

What are the risk factors?
You may be more likely to develop a large intestine disease if you:

  • Eat a diet low in fiber and high in processed foods
  • Are over the age of 50
  • Have a family history of colon cancer or polyps
  • Lead a sedentary lifestyle
  • Smoke or consume alcohol excessively
  • Have chronic inflammatory bowel disease
  • Are obese or have metabolic disorders

With Insurance

Gastroenterology

Your copay
Depending on insurance

Without Insurance

*Price Effective 12/1/2025
$169
Initial Visit
$109
Follow Up
Gastroenterology

$149

Initial Visit

$99

Follow Up

Symptoms

What are the symptoms of Large Intestine Diseases?
Symptoms differ depending on the condition but commonly include:

  • Abdominal pain or cramping
  • Bloating and excessive gas
  • Constipation or diarrhea
  • Blood or mucus in the stool
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Changes in bowel habits (frequency, consistency, or urgency)
  • Fatigue or anemia (due to chronic blood loss)

Persistent or unexplained symptoms — especially rectal bleeding, weight loss, or changes in bowel habits — should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to rule out serious conditions such as colorectal cancer.

Diagnosis

How are Large Intestine Diseases diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves a detailed medical history, physical exam, and one or more of the following tests:

  • Colonoscopy – visual examination of the colon and rectum using a flexible camera
  • Sigmoidoscopy – examines only the lower portion of the colon
  • Stool tests – to detect infection, inflammation, or hidden blood
  • Blood tests – to check for anemia, infection, or inflammation markers
  • CT scan or MRI – to evaluate inflammation, blockages, or tumors
  • Barium enema (X-ray) – to highlight abnormalities in the large intestine

Treatment

How are Large Intestine Diseases treated?
Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and severity of symptoms and may include:

Lifestyle and dietary changes:

  • Eating a high-fiber diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
  • Drinking plenty of fluids
  • Avoiding processed or fatty foods
  • Exercising regularly
  • Reducing stress

Medications:

  • Antibiotics for infections or diverticulitis
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs for IBD (e.g., mesalamine, corticosteroids)
  • Laxatives or stool softeners for constipation
  • Antispasmodics for IBS-related cramps
  • Iron supplements for anemia
  • Chemotherapy or targeted therapy for colorectal cancer

Procedures and surgery:

  • Colon polyp removal (polypectomy) during colonoscopy
  • Surgical resection for severe diverticulitis, obstruction, or cancer
  • Colostomy in advanced or emergency cases
  • Endoscopic dilation or stent placement for narrowing or blockage

With early diagnosis and consistent management, most people with large intestine diseases can achieve symptom relief and prevent complications.

References

  • Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2024, April 10). Diseases of the Colon and Rectum.Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2024, March 12). Large Intestine Disorders. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/largeintestine.html
  • American College of Gastroenterology. (2023). Colon Health and Common Disorders.https://gi.org

Medically reviewed by:

Dr. Javeed Siddiqui, MD, MPH

Dr. Siddiqui is the Chief Medical Officer at TeleMed2U responsible for clinical and technical program development as well as maintaining a thriving telemedicine practice in infectious diseases which includes specialized care of Hepatitis and HIV.

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Affordable – with or without insurance

With Insurance

Gastroenterology

Your copay
Depending on insurance

Without Insurance

*Price Effective 12/1/2025
$169
Initial Visit
$109
Follow Up
Gastroenterology

$149

Initial Visit

$99

Follow Up